Hinda Abdi Mohamoud
Chief editor of Bilan, Somalia’s first all-women media house
MOGADISHU
As the seemingly endless cycles of droughts, floods and conflicts continue to batter Somaliaรขโฌโขs population, ever-growing numbers of people are fleeing to the outskirts of urban areas, especially the capital Mogadishu. The United Nations estimates that more people will live in towns and cities than in rural areas by 2026. Mogadishu is said to be the second fastest-growing city in the world, largely due to the massive influx of displaced people, 79 per cent of whom are women and children.
According to a report by the US-based rights group Refugees International, most of the millions of people fleeing from rural to urban areas in Somalia are not going home, not now and not ever. Some have lived in makeshift camps for more than three decades.
Many of the 4.3 million people internally displaced (IDPs) in the country have to find new ways of making a living. Most have lived as farmers and pastoralists. Their skills do not translate to making a living in the city. They have to start all over again.
Thirty-one-year-old Fatima Mohamed Iise arrived in the Asal IDP camp in June 2023 with her seven children. The camp is home to about 800 families and is one of the newest settlements to spring up on the outskirts of Mogadishu.รย
She fled from Qoryoley district in southern Somaliaรขโฌโขs Lower Shabelle region after drought killed all her livestock. Her husband stayed behind to protect their home and few other remaining belongings.
รขโฌลWe had a very good life as pastoralists. We had about 40 cowsรขโฌย, she says. รขโฌลNow we have none so I had no choice but to come to Mogadishu with my children.รขโฌย
There was no humanitarian assistance available for Iise and her family when she arrived at Asal camp. She panicked as she had no idea how to feed herself or her children. Other women who arrived at the camp before her urged her to go to surrounding neighbourhoods and hunt for work.รย
รขโฌลMy nine-year-old daughter and I go out early every morning to look for work,รขโฌย she says. รขโฌลThe only jobs we can find are laundry work and tidying up construction sites which pay between $1 and $1.50 a day. This is not enough to pay for basic necessities but itรขโฌโขs better than nothing at all.รขโฌย
รขโฌลWe only have countryside skills and nobody needs these in the city.รขโฌย
Residents of Asal camp do not have regular jobs. Like Iise and her daughter they go out every morning in search of day labour. The most common forms of work women find are cleaning peopleรขโฌโขs houses, doing their laundry and washing up in restaurants.
Children start working from the age of four or five. Girls wash dishes, boys shine shoes or work in restaurants.
The irregular money they earn, between $1 and $2 a day when they find work, keeps them trapped in a cycle of poverty.
รขโฌลI use my earnings to buy rice, beans or maize meal. We eat once a day at lunchtime,รขโฌย says Iise. The rest of the time we drink tea. My children and I go to sleep on empty stomachs.รขโฌย
Like other female IDPs, Iise faces the additional challenge of harassment from men, especially members of the security forces, camp managers and others in positions of authority. Rape is common in IDP camps where shelters made from sticks, plastic and old clothes offer no protection from predators. Women and girls are also approached by men asking for sexual favours in return for food or employment.
รขโฌลMen come to me offering to help me find a job or get some food,รขโฌย says Iise. รขโฌลThen they say they want something in return. They either want sex or to marry my daughters.รขโฌย
Seventy-year-old Hawa*[1] and her three-year-old granddaughter have been living in Asal camp for seven months. When she first arrived, she was one of the few lucky people to receive some humanitarian assistance. But supplies dried up in May after she refused a request for sex from one of the men managing the camp and controlling the distribution of aid.รย
รขโฌลNo sex, no food,รขโฌย she says. รขโฌลThe circumstances of my life now are beyond anyoneรขโฌโขs imagination. It is hard to believe the reason why I no longer receive food aid but that is the truth.รขโฌย
รขโฌลThe camp manager asked me to engage in some misbehaviour if I wanted food,รขโฌย says Hawa. รขโฌลI asked what he meant and he said he wanted sex. I was shocked and angrily I rejected him. Since then I havenรขโฌโขt received a single grain of food.รขโฌย
Hawa says demands for sexual favours are becoming increasingly common in Mogadishuรขโฌโขs IDP camps.
รขโฌลSome girls and women agree to have sex with these men,รขโฌย she says. รขโฌลIt is so sad.รขโฌย
Women and girls also face sexual harassment in their workplaces, especially those who clean restaurants and shops.
รขโฌลThe male shopkeepers and their staff offer women food and extra money in return for sexual favours,รขโฌย says Hawa. รขโฌลThe situation is better for IDPs who work in peopleรขโฌโขs houses because itรขโฌโขs women who stay at home while men go out to work.รขโฌย
รขโฌลThe employers who are kindest to us are older women. They sometimes give us extra money.รขโฌย
Now that she no longer receives aid, Hawa leaves the camp every morning to hunt for cleaning work in construction sites and restaurants. Sometimes she does laundry for families in nearby neighbourhoods.รย
She usually takes her granddaughter to work with her. Sometimes she leaves her in the care of other women in Asal.รย
One of the most desperate women in the camp is Sรขโฌโขiido Hassan Moalim. She was forced to abandon her nomadic life in Kuntuwaarey district in Lower Shabelle after drought dried up the land and destroyed all her livestock. Moalim is not married and she has never had children. She is sixty-six years-old and her eyesight is extremely poor.
รขโฌลI live here alone,รขโฌย says Moalim. รขโฌลI believe I am the poorest person in this camp. I cannot see, I cannot work and I have received no voucher cards for food aid.รขโฌย
Moalimรขโฌโขs neighbours sometimes share what they have with her but often she has nothing.
รขโฌลThe weak have no rights,รขโฌย she says.
รขโฌลThe residents of this camp who benefit are those who accept the demands of the men in charge. I cannot do that because I am old and I respect my culture which forbids such activities.รขโฌย
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รขโฌลNobody respects young girls and women,รขโฌย says Moalim. รขโฌลThe men call on them anytime they want. When their needs are satisfied they give them money or food.รขโฌย
Iisho Mukhtar Adam arrived in Asal camp at the end of June 2023 after fighting in Kuntuwaarey district forced her to flee her home with her three young sons. She started working as a cleaner and laundrywoman almost immediately and manages to buy some food for her children with her earnings.
รขโฌลI wash the clothes and clean the houses of people who are better off than me,รขโฌย she says. รขโฌลI earn between $1 and $2 a day. I work long hours in order to manage the life of my family as best I can.รขโฌย
Adam explains how IDPs who work in peopleรขโฌโขs houses are occasionally beaten by their employers who sometimes accuse them of stealing their property.รย รย
รขโฌลAt the end of the day, some people say they donรขโฌโขt have money to pay us and that we should come back to following day to collect it,รขโฌย she says. รขโฌลOthers donรขโฌโขt pay us at all. They have no respect for us. Most employers look down on us but some more educated people treat us as humans.รขโฌย
She says there is nobody to call on for help. The police tend to be busy dealing with Mogadishuรขโฌโขs endless security threats. Many are corrupt.รย
รขโฌลNobody listens to us,รขโฌย says Adam. รขโฌลThe only thing to do is tell the media about our plight and hope that somebody with the power and resources to do so will help us.รขโฌย
She says she has heard about the sexual abuse of other women and girls in the camp.รย
รขโฌลI have not yet been asked for sexual favours,รขโฌย she says. รขโฌลMost people keep silent about it because they know that if they complain they will be expelled from the camp.รขโฌย
People living in one of Mogadishuรขโฌโขs oldest IDP camps, known as Allah-dhowr, suffer similar problems to those in Asal. Rahma Mohamed arrived there with her husband and four children in January 2022 after drought killed the familyรขโฌโขs livestock in southern Somaliaรขโฌโขs Kuntuwaarey district.
Mohamed and her husband get up early every day and walk to the surrounding neighbourhoods in search of work. They leave their children with fellow camp residents.
รขโฌลOften the people I work for pay me less than what we agreed on,รขโฌย she says. รขโฌลWe might agree on $5 but at the end of the day they only pay me $3.รขโฌย
Although she is regarded as an outsider by residents of Mogadishu, Mohamed has no intention of leaving.
รขโฌลDespite being viewed as a refugee by the people of Mogadishu, I want to establish my own small business here to support my family.รขโฌย
IDP children also suffer prejudice.
15-year-old Asmo Abdi Farah Ahmed went to koranic school in Mushaan district before drought forced her to flee to Mogadishu in 2023. Now she works alongside her mother as a maid and washerwoman.
รขโฌลThe children in neighbourhoods surrounding our camp go to school and play together,รขโฌย she says. รขโฌลSometimes they make fun of me for not going to school. They say I am just a รขโฌหvillage kidรขโฌโขรขโฌย.
Even those who have lived in Mogadishu for years are looked down on and seen as temporary residents.
รขโฌลAlthough some have lived in the city for years, I hesitate to consider them as full residents,รขโฌย says Sayid Omar, a Mogadishu resident. รขโฌลI see them as second-class citizens, even if they settle permanently and integrate into city life. Itรขโฌโขs true that people in the capital come from different backgrounds but this doesnรขโฌโขt automatically grant them equal status or opportunities within the city.รขโฌย
รขโฌลPeople here still consider me a displaced person, a refugee, even though I have lived here for 16 years,รขโฌย says 60 year-old Mukhtar Abdalla Abdow. He fled his home area of Janaale more than 30 years ago, first to the central city of Galkayo, then to Mogadishu. รขโฌลI consider myself a local resident,รขโฌย he says.
Refugees International says รขโฌลMany long-standing IDPs more closely resemble urban poor and have a different set of needs than new arrivals.รขโฌย
Another resident of Mogadishu, Juweeriya Mohamed Ibrahim, has a more welcoming attitude to IDPs.
รขโฌลI see them as normal people who came here because their lives were threatened by floods, drought and conflict,รขโฌย she says. รขโฌลFor me, if they have lived in Mogadishu for more than five years, I consider them to be residents just like me.รขโฌย
รขโฌลOthers often say they are second-class citizens. I firmly believe they are not.รขโฌย
Bilan is Somaliaรขโฌโขs first all-women media team. Funded by the European Union through UNDP and hosted by Dalsan Media Group, Bilan shines a light on the issues women care about and offers a platform for womenรขโฌโขs voices.
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